Tom Stammers is a historian of France and Reader in Art and Cultural history at the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London. His first book, ‘The Purchase of the Past’ (Cambridge University Press), won the 2021 RHS Gladstone Prize.

The Empress Eugénie (detail).
Detail of an advertisement for the Nouvelles Cartes de la République Française
Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire
Marie-Caroline, Duchesse de Berry sailing to exile in Scotland (c. 1830), unknown artist. Musée des Arts Decoratifs, Bordeaux.
Statue of the nymph Amalthea and the goat that fed Jupiter, commissioned from Pierre Julien in 1787, inside the Queen’s Dairy at Rambouillet.
From left to right: The Marquise Arconati-Visconti, photographed by the Atelier Nadar in 1900. Bibliothèque nationale de France / ‘Self-Portrait’ (detail) (c. 1880), Nélie Jacquemart. Musée Jacquemart-Andre, Paris / ‘Portrait of Marcello (The Duchess of Castiglione-Colonna) (detail) (1870), Gustave Courbet. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Reims
Le Rêve (detail) (1888), Édouard Detaille. Musée d’Orsay, Paris.
Carlton House: the Blue Drawing Room (detail; c. 1816), Charles Wild
Horse Devoured by a Lion (exhibited 1763), George Stubbs. Tate, London
Death of a Hunted Stag, photo: Dépot du Musée d'Orsay, photographie Charles Choffet
Amber casket in the shape of a three-story monument containing ivory figures, (c. 1660). Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire. Photo: Waddesdon Image Library/Mike Fear
Le Quai Saint Michel et Notre-Dame de Paris (detail; 1901), Maximilien Luce. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Caresses (detail; 1896), Fernand Khnopff. Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. Photo: J. Geleyns Art Photography
La Vachalcade, Fernand Pelez